It turns out that it wasn’t timing out, but rather still working and that the workflow was just taking much longer to complete. I let batch mode run as long as it needed to, and it completed after nearly 9hr. Given that Task Scheduler was set to cut it at 8hr, it timed out before it could finish.
The options / arguments in the end:
-consoleLog -nosave -nosplash -reset --launcher.suppressErrors -application org.knime.product.KNIME_BATCH_APPLICATION -workflowDir=“C:\Users\username\knime-workspace\Workflow”