Is there a way to use the Microsoft Authenticator and then get profile information for a user based on their email, including downloading their profile image?
https://company.sharepoint.com/_layouts/15/userphoto.aspx?size=L&username=name%40company.com
There is no known way to interact with a virtual 2FA device on another device. I suppose you need to simplify the approach. Since you are referring to a corporate SharePoint host, you might simply want to scrape the pages (if accessible).
Assuming the pages you need to scrape are secured behind a 2FA authentication, you could put in a routine to wait for the presence of a certain element, giving you the required time to manually authenticate Knime on your behalf.