You can use the node column expressions to do many many of the things you did in the formula tool in Alteryx. This is what I used when I switched over to Knime. Don’t have the exact formula, but hope this helps. Knime’s AI assistant is pretty helpful too.
I have no idea what the inequalities you have mean. I assume they are conditions for some kind of if tests. Regardless, this workflow has KNIME equivalents for the individual Alteryx nodes. Check how the nodes are configured.
You didn’t state it explicitly, but appears that you need to find week beginning dates. If so, this workflow handles weeks beginning on either Sunday or Monday.